人与神

Of Gods and MenFaith, Ethics, and Sacrificesp1true story of the Tibhirine massacre during the Algerian civil war in the 1990s. Seven French Trappist monks were kidnapped and killed by Islamic extremists. monk's life in the monastery, integration into the local Muslim community, and spiritual journey in the face of the threat of violent journeyFaith and interfaith dialogue1. harmonious relationship between different religious groupsEthics and moral dilemmas1. Ethical decisions about life and death2. whether they should leave Algeria, their home, or stay, suffering a threat of violence3. The complexities of making ethical choices in the face of mortal danger4. Ask us to think about ethical decisions in complex situations.sacrifice and martyrdom1. ancient, connected with our history2. in a modern context3. self-sacrifice4. sacrifice of life5. What does it mean to give up one's life?community and solitude1. individual solitude; interact in silence2. tension between communal life and personal solitudePeace and violence1. nonviolence2. Peacekeepers in a violent worldp31. How do the monk's moral convictions and their commitment to their faith influence their decisions in a dangerous environment?1. The monastique community and the community of the Muslim village influence their decisions.2. The sense of duty is rooted in their Christian faith, which teaches love, compassion, and service to one's neighbor.3. to leave or to stay? "I thought I could go, but where can I be?" Their lives are made up of their decisions in the current moment.4. commitment to nonviolence5. Spiritual calling and martyrdom. They made the Algerian village their home, and they found spiritual calling in this village. If death has meaning, it only has meaning within the choices that they have made.6. How do they make their decisions? Contemplation, individual reflection, and communal decision-making. It needs time and depth of reflection.7. The process of decision-making is not made unilaterally but through communal deliberation. It underscores the importance of community in monastic life, where individual desires are put in second place.2. What moral dilemmas are faced by the characters? How do their choices reflect their philosophical and ethical values?1. the dilemma of flight or fight: self-preservation or fight? Fleeing is against upholding their spiritual mission and their commitment to the local community.2. neutrality in the face of violence. They don't want to take sides and be protected by either side. Their insistence on non-participation in violence reflects the ethical values of peace and nonviolence, deeply rooted in Christian teaching. It underscores their belief in the sanctity of all human life and the power of peace to overcome violence. Is it idealistic? Is it wrong?3. Hospitality vs. security. Everyone is welcome, but what if they are terrorists? How do you cope with dangerous people? Their choice is to continue welcoming all who come to them.4. Individual fear vs. collective responsibility. Fear is very private. Every monk struggles with personal fear and doubt, reflecting the human instinct for survival. Their process of discernment, involving prayer and communal discussion, allows them to confront their fear and take responsibility.5. Forgiveness in the face of aggression. How can we forgive our enemies (someone who is aggressive toward you)? What is the meaning of doing so?3. Considering the film's portrayal of the relationship between religion and ethics, what insights can we gain about the interaction of faith and morality in challenging circumstances?1. Religious belief can shape ethical decisions.2. faith as a foundation for ethical living. What the monks do is deeply rooted in their Christian beliefs.3. The ethical imperative of solidarity4. Nonviolence as a moral and religious principle: intersection5. The role of prayer and contemplation in ethical decision-making: how to make important decisions Careful reflection gives people space to think about decisions.6. sacrifice and martyrdom as ethical acts of faith. Many people care too much about self-preservation. Sacrifice is difficult to think about. None of the monks wishes to die but to preserve their lives as long as possible, but they are ready to sacrifice their lives to accept the final death. True moral courage can involve the willingness to make the ultimate sacrifice for one's principles and the well-being of others. What was the meaning of the death in the end? authentic portrayal of life and death to make us think. In what situation is it necessary to give up one's life?

Based on the true story of nine French monks of a monastery in the village of Tibhirine in Algeria’s Atlas Mountains, Of Gods and Men is a remarkably thought-provoking film that reveals the essence of religious beliefs. It is luminously beautiful, not only because of their peaceful life and work along with the Muslim community behind the tranquil natural scenery, but also because of their steadfast love and spiritual beliefs in God, unshakable even amid the turmoil. Through the narratives of the nine monks’ life, their community, and the process that leads to their final decision to stay at the monastery, the film shows how they are driven to dedicate their lives to the Muslims and to the Church, which illuminates the Church’s beliefs, in particular the text Nostra Aetate, Lumen Gentium, and the Testament of Dom Christian de Chergé. They dedicate their lives to the Muslims by immersing themselves into the Muslim community, showing their respect and admiration towards the people with different religion. The monks talk and live peacefully with the villagers even though they believe in different religions. Brother Luc provides free medical care for the villagers and all who need his services. The monks’ hospitality towards the Muslim villagers illuminates Nostra Aetate, which emphasizes the common ground of Muslims and Christians and shows understanding of their differences. As Nostra Aetate 3 mentions, “The Church regards with esteem also the Moslems”, it draws upon the similarities that the two religions share in order to illustrate its understanding and respect of their differences; for example, Although Muslims do not regard Jesus as God, the text steps back and acknowledges that the Muslims “revere Him [Jesus] as a prophet”. The monks’ actions indeed demonstrate their acceptance and respect of people with different beliefs. Beyond that, the monks actually show more than just respect, but admiration towards the Muslims and Islam. They attend the villagers’ Muslim ceremonies. The abbot Dom Christian reads Quran in addition to studying the Bible, and tests the leader of the insurgents about the Quran; later Christian identifies this leader’s corpse and even prays for him without discrimination. Brother Luc also treats another shot terrorist. The essence of Nostra Aetate is thus manifested and fulfilled in the monks’ deeds. As Nostra Aetate 5 writes, “We cannot truly call on God…if we refuse to treat in a brotherly way any man, created as he is in the image of God.” The monks, especially Christian, are not simply motivated by their respect to Muslims. They are invited by the Church with a moral duty to genuinely love Muslims and Islam and to actively wonder why Muslims are part of God’s creations, although it might require them to commit their lives to do so. To treat the Muslims “in a brotherly way” is to see them by inquiring and seeking into them for who they are. For the monks, it is through studying the Muslim texts and living in a community with them that they know how God is also calling the Muslims to holiness just as they are. The monks have therefore completely immersed themselves into a Muslim community. They are so connected to the villagers that in one scene, when the monks are deciding whether to leave or not, two of the monks confess, “We are like birds on a branch. We don’t know if we are to leave.” A Muslim woman answers, “You are the branch. If you go, we will lose our footing.” The Christian monks, along with the Muslim community, decide together how to respond to the terrorism, and the two sides go through the struggle together in the process. The monks’ life-and-death decision is tied to that of the villagers, demonstrating again the real mutual understanding and peaceful coexistence between Christians and Muslims as Nostra Aetate suggests. They choose to devote themselves and even their lives to the Muslims by tethering themselves to the Muslim community. They also dedicate their lives to the Church by unifying as a community in the Church, a visible element of the Church’s sacramental identity, becoming Christian witnesses to the world, and revealing God’s salvation for all people. All that they do illuminates the nature of the Church. The simple life of the monks—to pray and work—shows their conformity to Christ within a community. It is manifested first in their consistency of prayer. For example, when a helicopter is roaring over the monastery, they gather side by side, pray, and sing the psalm, asking for God’s mercy. From their modest work and living in the Church, they also learn to ask for help, to repent, and to say thank you, through which the Church calls the followers together as a community to find its salvation in Christ. Their sense of community resonates with the meaning of the Church explained in Lumen Gentium. As Lumen Gentium 8 writes, “Christ…established and continually sustains here on earth His holy Church, the community of faith, hope and charity, as an entity with visible delineation through which He communicated truth and grace to all.” The Church is the Body of Christ through which followers of Jesus Christ are bound together. God binds Himself freely with humanity and manifests Himself in the Church, and thus the Church clothes people with the glory of Christ. By gathering believers, God creates a community, to help them learn to confess their need for God and to ask for God’s mercy. This is what it means to be the Church, and what the monks are devoting themselves to first of all. In this sense, their offering of their lives illustrates more spiritual meanings than just the act of martyrdom. It is a confirmation for the Church of the redemption for all and the Christian witness to the rest of the world. As Lumen Gentium 9 writes, “God gathered together as one all those who in faith look upon Jesus as the author of salvation and the source of unity and peace, and established them as the Church that for each and all it may be the visible sacrament of this saving unity.” The Church is thus a visible fellowship, which by invisible grace, bears fruit. The Church’s goal is to make people just like Christ. The process is the struggle to be remade and to be recreated; Christians are finally “born” when they are fully conformed to Christ, becoming the fruit of the Grace of God. This commitment may cost their lives, and is perfectly carried out through the death of the monks. When gathered together, they die to themselves out of love for God, redeeming their sins, and building up the Church. Therefore, the monks dedicate their lives for salvation in the Church, presenting themselves as the fruit of God. By agreeing to stay at the monastery and giving up their lives, the monks, like the “disciples of Christ”, present themselves as a “living sacrifice” and “bear witness to Christ” as Lumen Gentium 9 demands, through which God extends salvation and holiness to all people, including non-Christians. The monks offer their whole life because their love to God is so immense that it can overcome everything; they, by willing to sacrifice themselves, become Christian witnesses to the world. God uses these monks to reveal to the world, and see their death as a gift to the Algerians and a universal call to holiness. Every human is called to be a saint, and the possibility of salvation is extended to all people, including the Muslims and also the extremists. Christian thus also extends the fellowship to a terrorist when he prays to the terrorist who will kill him, and when he decides to stay and risk being killed by terrorists. As Lumen Gentium 5 writes, “The Church, then, considers martyrdom as an exceptional gift and as the fullest proof of love. By martyrdom a disciple is transformed into an image of his Master by freely accepting death for the salvation of the world—as well as his conformity to Christ in the shedding of his blood.” Holiness is always a conformation to Christ. Therefore, through their death not only will they reveal God’s salvation in Christ, but also God can even appeal to the Muslims and the terrorists who will kill them. By revealing God’s love, God simultaneously invites non-Christians to be shaped by it.Their dedication to the Muslims and to Church can be more deeply understood and manifested in the Testament of Dom Christian de Chergé. As Christian writes, “This is what I shall be able to do, if God wills: Immerse my gaze in that of the Father, to contemplate with Him His children of Islam as He sees them, all shining with the glory of Christ, fruit of His Passion, filled with the Gift of the Spirit whose secret joy will always be to establish communion and to refashion the likeness, playing with the differences.” Christian is first saying that because of Christ’s “passion”, his death and resurrection, God has opened the avenue of holiness and sanctification for all people. What the cross reveals is God’s desire to be united with humanity; for Christian the fruit of union and love revealed on cross can be found even outside the Christian tradition. People in all traditions and religions can achieve the likeness of Christ and the sanctification with the union with God. This imitation of God exists within people’s own traditions; within Islam itself, Christ is present in a hidden but effective way. If God is able to invite people to him through other traditions, it is a grace that comes through Christ and it is by virtue of the fact God opened himself up on the cross to people in order to redeem people. Muslims can become holy as “He sees them”, and they are able to do so as the “fruit of the passion” of Christ.God calls Muslims to holiness by virtue of Christ’s death, and the dedication of Christian’s life to understanding this is perfected by a death that imitates Christ’s. The sanctification of all people including Muslims is the conformation to Christ, and Christian wonders how Christ is actually hidden to these people while still so effective. His hope is thus to participate in the life of the trinitarian God through his own death, one similar to Christ’s, so that he can faithfully witness to the redemptive death of Christ, and that God can invite the Muslims and also the extremists to become holy in a similar way. Thus Christian will be able to see how non-Christians can participate in the life of Trinity as well. In true love and wonder for the Muslim community around him, he immerses himself into the death of Christ, and understands his death as his own final witness to the Muslim community and to the sanctification God extends to Muslims and the terrorists in Christ. In the end on a gray day, seven of the nine monks are taken away by armed terrorists and disappear in the mist of snow, leaving the audience with a sense of inner calm to grieve and meditate over their death. Of Gods and Men is not a film about how the monks die, but how they live and why they are willing to die. It is a quiet but powerful film in its way that brings to profound meditation of Christian religious beliefs through the understanding of the monks’ dedication of their lives to the Muslims and the Church. －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－1. 以上言论不代表我的个人观点，只是我神学必修课学到的基督教（带点catholic）的宗教思想，我自己是不信教的2. 请自行谷歌Nostra Aetate, Lumen Gentium3. Testament of Dom Christian de Chergé是影片结尾Christian念的“遗书”，谷歌就有原文4. 这故事是真的，只有部分情节戏剧化5. 那段时期很多别的教徒也做了同样的选择6. 奉劝广大豆友不要以剧情片的角度来看这部电影

影片夹带着少许现实主义，那些神的人们与平民、政府、军队、恐怖分子都有着接触；更多还是被强烈的理想主义所包裹，诵经代替了所有的音效，Christian每次身着常服都被描绘得诗画，室内构图的严谨与人物保持中景的处理……，一切都为了形式上的服务。

关于特殊地域、特殊时期人内心的挣扎，这部影片是选取了最适合的表现方式作用好了自己的题材。

弗朗索瓦·奧宗（Francois Ozon）的《八美千嬌》是一部好看的有八個女主角的電影，因為把八個女人湊在一起即使沒有故事也會有戲看。

而此片導演畢沃斯硬是反其道而行之，冒險將八個循規蹈矩的修道士的原本就平淡無奇的生活展現出來。

然而儘管電影不斷地重複著那些諸如祈禱、詠唱、耕種、醫治的場景，但預想中的沉悶並未發生。

八個遲暮老男人輕輕鬆鬆便將故事的結構支撐起來，影片所需的質感塑造出來，每一個人的演技都讓人嘖嘖稱讚。

在這裡我並不想去討論殉教者的虔誠與疑惑，那些基於種族與信仰的屠殺在人類短暫的歷史上從未息止過。

我擔心的是，將一件曾經發生過的且廣為人知的事件虛構成真實的影像，導演有多大把握。

看了幕後花絮才知道導演為拍攝這個本身已無懸念的故事在私底下做了多少細緻耐心的功課。

所有那些不起眼的細節和並未刻意展現的背景，讓電影真實感人。

宗教或许包含的过于玄学宽泛褒贬不一，但神学必然是提炼而出的思想精华，这其中，神性并不是要人匍匐与渺小，而是借由匍匐的身姿领会另一种视角，通过恭谦与忘我来克服难以逾越的人的惰性，从而走向升华的神性。

但唯物理论中，这颇有几分用电子烟来戒烟的意思，毕竟繁华处彰显的尽是人的伟岸，贫瘠的生命地尤其需要神的显灵。

片中长官说他厌倦了长久以来毫无进步的国家，但归结起来这依然是法国殖民的错误，前脚用火药大炮把文明炸成废墟的人，和后脚勤勤恳恳在废墟上浇灌花朵的人，对阿尔及利亚人来说，都叫法国人。

重要台词1. “主在《古兰经》里说过，如果你杀了你兄弟，你将直入地狱”2. “这真是新鲜，我们完全不能理解，谁在屠杀谁”3. “软弱本身并不是一种美德，而是对现实的一种表达”4. “为什么神总是沉默不语？

为什么信仰让人如此痛苦？

除了爱，什么都不存在”5. “我们什么时候开始屈服于武器？

”6. “我不惧怕死亡，因为我的精神自由”7. “要记住，爱是无止境的希望”

【作者：刘苇】　　一座简朴的修道院，坐落在北非山野僻静处。

几名修士，在那里祈祷、洒扫、冥想，与当地穆斯林村民相处融洽，他们在市场购物，出售自制的蜂蜜，为村民治病，彼此形成了类似树与鸟般相互依存的关系。

　　然而外部动荡的局势，很快打破了修道院的宁静。

影片《人与神》为我们展现了一群修士在动荡局势中如何自处的问题。

　　影片虽然没有明确指出修道院所在的地理位置，但略知一些法国历史知识的人都知道法国曾一度深陷在阿尔及利亚的麻烦之中。

我们从影片中看到，当地伊斯兰极端组织不断制造恐怖事件，几乎就是那时阿尔及利亚局势的写照。

他们既有政治诉求（要求独立），又有宗教诉求（排斥外来宗教）。

　　一群修士，处于政治与宗教冲突的夹缝中。

　　值得称道的是，影片没有从外部环境入手，而是深入修士的内心，向人们展现他们之间的不同。

有些修士，几乎修炼了一辈子，面对生死，依然会犹疑、胆怯和彷徨。

这正是人性真实的写照。

　　影片重点放在修士的几次会议上，该如何选择呢？

在如此恶劣的环境里，究竟是离开还是留下？

这是一个生死大考验的问题。

影片极为细致地呈现会议情景，展现修士们的不同心理反应，他们由最初的疑虑，逐渐走向一致。

没有喧哗，每个人的话语是如此之少，镜头一一扫过他们的脸，将他们的内心展现。

到影片结尾处，他们不再言语，医生卢克播放柴可夫斯基的《天鹅湖》，优美的旋律里有挣扎，有坠入，有黑白对峙，有奋起抗争，也有希望。

音乐表达了他们的心声，同时又像是神灵的祝福。

他们似乎在音乐中看到一丝预兆——从那扇黑暗的门走入，前面就有亮光。

　　影片刻画了每个修士的不同精神面貌。

其中医生卢克和院长克里斯汀最为生动。

医生像个智者，与少女关于爱情的谈话，以及在会议中的表现，都表明他具有成熟的智慧；而院长克里斯汀，在他与恐怖分子、军队的周旋中，可以看出他坚定的信念。

　　影片的主题，在于揭示人性与神性的差异，以及人通过自我内在的净化，如何向神性学习——哪怕只是一丝细微的趋近。

人以最后的死亡，走上一条奉献之路。

这是一条向上的路。

所谓“人与神”，意义即在于此。

影片最后的那个场景充满寓意，白雪覆盖的山峦上，一群修士艰难地行进着，他们向更高处走去……　　影片的基调克制而明净。

修士们缓慢的步履，在树林中的轻声交流，室内的默默祈祷，湖畔宁静的沉思，期间的光影效果也是沉静的。

片中修士们的安宁与外界的纷杂形成鲜明对比，政府军直升飞机的隆隆噪音，恐怖分子夜晚闯入时的卡车撞门的声响，像是刺耳的雷声，撕裂了山野的宁静。

一切被打破了，一场大考验来临在即。

紧张，悄然驶入。

然而，导演夏维尔·毕沃斯“静悄悄”地处理了这份紧张。

这是影片耐人寻味之处，同时也提升了影片的品质。

　　由此而论，影片不是讲述不同宗教间的斗争，也不是讲述政治的纷争，尽管都有所涉猎；而是侧重于人物的内心，仿佛事件的不断发生，是为了擦拭修士们的内在心灵，好让修士们的内心之光显露出来。

他们的行为，犹如用信念的针，缝补着碎裂的世界。

——本文选自刘苇刘先生文集《此生是我吗》

2004年的数据：基督徒 每年的殉道人數 167,000 http://www.globalmissiology.org/chinese/f3/practical02.htm自20世纪八十年代末以来，阿尔及利亚饱经内乱和内战之苦，由伊斯兰原教旨主义势力挑起的这场空前浩劫，已夺走了该国10多万无辜的生命。

http://resadm.shisu.edu.cn/picture/article/33/c7/a4/618122124fa1bcbc1ba7c96cefee/a55dc72e-3384-4501-ad4c-48bae3a68926.pdf————————————————片中提到地名Mostaganem，中文译名穆斯塔加奈姆，是阿尔及利亚的一个地方。

阿尔及利亚曾经是法国殖民地。

十七世纪起海岸部分是奥斯曼帝国的一部分，1830年起法国以一个外交事件为战争理由，入侵并占领阿尔及利亚海岸地区，总督侯赛因（Hussein）被流放，法国殖民地自此逐渐向南渗透，直至对此地区和居民产生深刻的影响开始入侵，但由于顽强的抵抗，法国直到1905年才基本完成对整个阿尔及利亚的占领。

二战期间，阿尔及利亚支持同盟国，支援自由法国武装战斗。

1945年同盟国胜利大战结束，戴高乐领导下的法国政府却开始镇压诉求阿尔及利亚独立的抗议运动，随后的大屠杀成为阿尔及利亚历史的转折点。

1954年，民族解放阵线发起了争取阿尔及利亚独立的游击战争，经过近十年的斗争，阿尔及利亚于1962年独立。

http://baike.baidu.com/view/10991.htm————————————————天主教隐修会。

又译西都会（Cistercians）。

1098年由法国人罗贝尔始建于法国勃艮第地区第戎附近的西多旷野。

因会服为白色，又称白衣修士。

该会主张全守本笃会严规，推行静默、祈祷、垦荒等隐修制度。

1883年传入中国 http://baike.baidu.com/view/53422.htm————————————————电影原声http://www.kuwo.cn/album/164558/————————————————Christian 和 Fayattia 对话时背诵的古兰经文：……and you will find the nearest in love to the Believers (Muslims) those who say: "We are Christians." That is because amongst them are priests (Men devoted to learning) and monks (men who have renounced the world), and because they do not behave proudly. (Holy Qur'an 5:82) http://www.islamicweb.com/bible/main.htm中文译本82.……你必定发现，对于信道者最亲近的是自称基督教徒的人；因为他们当中有许多牧师和僧侣，还因为他们不自大。

http://gulanjing.51240.com/5__glj/

新春佳节，按民俗传统，国人兴择个吉日前往庙堂烧香拜佛。

即便是平素很少进入这类清规戒律之清净圣所，无论是初一挤归元寺抢头香，还是初五拜财神，抑或去道观求签问卦，国人可谓不遗余力，凑足热闹——虽然对于绝大多数在指导性正确三观教育下长大的普通人，宗教信仰还是很生分的一种东西，却并不妨碍他们在世俗生活中将信仰的形式感运用得淋漓尽致。

难说是因为信仰导致了举动，还是因为热闹一把烘托了信仰。

西欧人都有着很深的基督教情结，哪怕本人不是教徒或者仅仅是个挂名教徒（出生就受洗，非自主选择），相关宗教带给他们历史上的影响也是深刻而不可磨灭的。

关于宗教类题材的电影一直很是热门。

当然，在世俗化的大环境下，宗教也受到属世人性的影响，哪怕是冠以导向性无误的宗教信仰也面临着现世的侵染和危机。

拍摄于2008年的《虐童疑云》算的上是体现其阴暗面的片子了。

这部片子由百老汇的名话剧改编，故事虽简单但剧情发展扑朔迷离：一所教会学校的修女院长以严格刻板的规矩管理学校，新来的Flynn神父以其开明的作派和老修女形成鲜明对比。

然而老修女逐渐发现神父对校内唯一的黑人学生有着不正常的关注度，整部片子就是在修女和神父之间不断地揣测和斗争中逐步发展升级，情节紧凑且具有相当的张力。

《虐童疑云》虽然显得比较标题党，但是原文为Doubt的名字其实更偏向在“怀疑”的过程中——各种怀疑和猜测构建了事物的发展轨迹，这些蛛丝马迹的细节和疑虑的心理战都为此片添色不少。

个人以为《虐童疑云》最高明的地方是在于结局的不确定性。

它并没有让剧中人物交代到底Flynn神父是否有娈童的确凿事实。

很多观影者都提出了完全相反的观点，并都佐以推论证明——然而很多暗示是不用明说的，Flynn神父的那句“有些事我不能说”已经清楚地默认了他的所作所为。

但是关于当事人究竟有没有犯罪，已经不重要了，重要的其实是背后折射出来的关于信仰危机的现状。

在近两年不断爆发的天主教神职人员的娈童性丑闻应该是本片的现实背景之一，而电影中的结局正是这种现实的无奈而残酷地写照——修女院长动用了一切可能的手段赶走了她认为娈童的神父，甚至不惜违背了不可妄证的第八诫——但结果如何？

神父被上级教区调走在另一处学校任职，严格来说，是升职了。

最后老修女的哭泣是点睛之笔，既有对自身所为的忏悔，又有对现实的无奈。

因为她发现这个世界“水太深”。

根本是像尔等小角色的人物无法撼动的。

这里要简单说明下，天主教内实行的是神品制，各等级都是有着严格的划分的，修女对于有司铎品的神父来说就是下级，而在修女们发愿中的一项就有“服从”，严格来说像电影中这样“以下犯上”的诘问和质疑是不合规矩，也是不被允许的。

但是老修女为了维护和确认自己的观点，也是为了保护那位黑人学生，牺牲了巨大的代价却只达到了这样的效果，背后复杂的原因更是影片中所难以言喻的。

强大制度下的缺陷和阴暗面是她所无能为力的，这一点足以能令人对此深表叹息。

2010年的《人与神》却是从另一个角度让人看到了信仰本来应该呈现给人们的一面。

和《虐童疑云》不一样的是，《人与神》是根据1996年发生在阿尔及利亚的真实存在的事件改编过来的。

在北非隐居的八位法国西多会修士被恐怖分子以宗教冲突为由绑架并杀害，这种殉道的方式是漫长的基督教发展史上苦难而荣耀的标记。

鉴于片中表达的宗教信仰上牺牲奉献精神和尚属被认可的价值观使得该片不仅赢得当年的戛纳评委会大奖和今年凯撒奖的提名，也罕见地获得教会认可；罗马教廷甚至在其官方媒体《L'Osservatore Romano》报上撰文赞誉该片所传达的信仰精神。

电影拍的很文艺，属于小众中的大众片，最为诗意的镜头是结尾处修道院长以旁白形式做出的遗言，配合着被洗劫后空旷寂静的积雪的小修道院画面，唯美而蕴含哲理的语言描述了信仰之间的冲突，现世的不完美和面对牺牲的无所畏惧。

对于过自己尘世间小日子的芸芸众生，很难理解这些修士们为甚么会坚持为了一个信念上的东西而做出看来毫无意义的牺牲。

然而这也正是持续了千百年的信仰得以流传下来的强大动力。

宗教不完美，因为人不完美。

人性中的各种弱点会导致在特定历史背景下宗教信仰的偏差。

但是对于人来说，坚持固守一个绝对的东西却是必须的；正因为人性的缺陷，形而上的对绝对真理的需求才会显得更加迫切。

本质是孤独生活在地球上的人类，一定会在自己力所不能及之处表现出对未知力量的恐惧和敬畏。

即便是在多元化思潮并存和生产力高度发展的今天，人类即便在无信仰的前提下，也会自动地寻找的能够替代信仰位置的寄托和参照物。

英国文学评论家Chesterton有句名言：“当人们不再信仰上帝时，并不意味着他们什么也不相信，反而意味着他们相信一切。

”不似中世纪那样大环境下强制的宗教信仰，现代人的信仰缺失一定会在其他的方面得到补充。

有人迷恋星座，有人玩转塔罗，有人通过迷恋某种生活方式来获得满足。

传统宗教也被带入了诸多的世俗分子，无论是烧香拜佛还是静修祈祷，求得现世利益的趋势正不可避免地侵染了古老的信仰。

无论信与不信，对未知事物的敬畏崇拜和期许获利是人类的天性。

如今，充斥于互联网和现代传媒上的各种大小消息填补了每个人心灵所需的慰藉，人们从中挑选自己所需求的，将其填充入本性所需求“信仰”这一栏的角色，就如同从超市的货架上拿下来一件自己所需要的商品一般。

媒体急不可耐地将各种五光十色的消费观点和符合主流价值观的允诺推销给广大受众（或者说潜在的消费客户，这才最要紧），宣扬的信条和手段也同教义如出一辙：一旦您遵从，就能得到心有所想——叩门，就给你开门！

传媒的话语权地位某种程度取代了过去的教会，在受众面前获得了居高临下的教导地位，然而很少有脑子清醒的受众——亦如当时很少有偏爱较真的教徒——去考虑其合理性。

“做到以下十条，您就可以变得更美丽”或者“购买××产品，能让您脱颖而出，成为瞩目焦点”——以上类似宣教的推广词，众生愿意信哪个呢？

当然，目光所能及之处的事实是——如教徒般趋之若鹜的消费者们的热情，确实不亚于真正的信众。

————————————————————ps：前一天刚发了影评，今儿就得知消息恺撒奖公布获奖名单，《人与神》获最佳影片，此外《影子写手》获最佳导演、改编剧本和配乐，翻滚～祝贺！

戛纳扼守艺术电影命脉太久，经常忘记给自己松绑，当金棕榈屡屡成为被架空的神迹，评审团大奖往往能在查缺补漏中，加倍亲近电影的本质，[第七封印]、[天堂电影院]、[美丽人生]、[鬼子来了]、[钢琴教师]、[老男孩]......这些比“第一名”还著名的“第二名”莫不如此。

其实冠、亚军之间本无档次差别，只关乎运气多寡。

2010年折桂戛纳的，是乡野奇谭般的[能召回前世的布米叔叔]，可既然连评审团主席蒂姆-波顿也说不清选择它的所以然，转而再审视距离金棕榈一步之遥的[人与神]，一种源自内心的波澜壮阔，反而轻易将我们击中。

坦白地说，在缺乏宗教情怀的的国度里长大的观众，是很难理解[人与神]阐述的殉道理论的，而影片讲述的七名在阿尔及利亚传道的法国西多会修道士，面对武装暴动，坚守信仰，与当地居民共患难，最终被暴徒掠为人质，集体遇难（后有两人幸存）的故事，放在任何人文语境下，都是一个难处理的命题。

本来，故事的母题处处充满布道色彩，一不小心就会掉进宗教宣传片的窠臼，可导演最终避开了一切猎奇的视角和手法，完全不讲排场，却营造了宏大的感染力。

作为一部宗教电影，[人与神]保持了严肃作品应有的克制。

它完全不着急奔主题，而是在走与留、信与离的角力开始前，缓缓酝酿主题。

神甫们循规蹈矩的修行生活于是登场，他们敲钟、燃烛、更衣、扫除、种菜、劈柴、阅读、冥想、颂歌、祈祷，还代人写信、治病救人......偶尔也穿着便装参加当地农户的节庆仪式，本地伊斯兰居民和外来基督教徒和睦相处的情景，让人无端想起[永恒与一日]里的海边婚礼，洋溢着生活的光辉。

日复一日的琐碎中，教士们的信念正在拔节生长。

另有一场戏不过短短几秒，却从侧面交代了信念的力量——老教士在集市售卖修道院酿制的蜂蜜，顺便给当地少女当心理医生，一老一少探讨什么是恋爱，老人眼眸闪光地说：“我邂逅了一场更伟大的爱情，已经60多年啦。

”敬爱情如神明，本不高明，把信仰当作爱来爱，还能经营一个甲子的轮回，才是真正的执着。

基于这份信念，我们大约已经知道，当暴乱袭来，七位教士当何去何从了。

而在忠实执行剧情片标准流程过程中，[人与神]又提供了必要的戏剧冲突。

第20分钟，一名少女被杀的消息首度揭开武装叛乱的面纱，两分钟后，暴徒集体亮相，到一片建筑工地上割了全部外籍工人的喉。

然后就是一名教士在去镇上文印社复印东西时，在新闻里目睹武装冲突的场景......危险步步靠近修道院，也在不断考验神甫们的耐心。

这段时间，导演不断用室内构图的严谨和人物始终保持中经的画面，制约着局势滑向崩塌的强烈戏剧转折。

修道院高墙内外的绝对肃穆与转折，亦将叙事情景分割成条块分明的两个世界，静待双方的第一次正面“交手”。

这一面被刻意安排在平安夜——基督教最重要的节日当晚，持枪的武装分子闯进修道院，准备挟持医生、索要食物和药品，都被主教克里斯蒂安礼貌地拒绝了，后面无休止的麻烦就此埋下伏笔。

但上述两点依然不是本片最值得称道之处。

抛开所有技术附加值，说一部电影好，首先得看它是否在讲好故事的基础上，塑造了好角色。

[人与神]无疑做到了，并且不动声色。

就像一味追求高大全的英雄不再受欢迎，人性饱满的反面角色反而更经得起时间淘洗，同理，剧本的聪明之处就在于刻画七位传道士时，并不因他们是上帝的仆人，就尽放其光明的一面。

而是从人的角度，考察他们面对危难时的各种人性化反应，以此激起观众的共鸣。

这才有了神甫们在去留问题上，三次庄严的讨论：才有了“为什么我们要成为殉道者？

为了上帝？

为了成为一个英雄？

为了证明我们是伟大的？

”和“我们是殉道者，在这的任务就是成为所有人的兄弟”两种声音的交锋、理解和融合。

最终，七个人协调了内部矛盾，决定让上帝安排一切。

影片用极度诗意的结尾来为七位传道士谢幕，用《天鹅湖》哀入骨髓的配乐，伴奏他们最后的晚餐，用枪口抵着他们一行人，步入雪原深处，背影渐行渐远的长镜来向其致敬。

关于他们死于何人之手、何时倒下、以怎样的方式倒下，全然不在探讨范围之内。

重要的是，他们顺应了内心的召唤，为水深火热的兄弟姐妹奉献了自己最后一口气，献身于上帝，这对于心怀信仰的教徒来说，是何等的关荣。

这一刻，人与神终于模糊了界限，和光同尘。

西方人拍摄宗教题材时，不管是说耶稣的还是说教士的，其主题往往注目于这干人的人性需求与职业性要求之间的尖锐冲突。

说人性压倒神性的，往往是带有批判和反思色彩的，如《恶魔》、《在撒旦阳光下》；说神性大于人性的，往往是符合大众口味的主旋律版本。

其实说教士坏话的文艺作品，可以上溯到文艺复兴时的但丁，他在自己的代表作《神曲》里，刻画了一群荒淫、贪婪、无耻、奸诈的教士群像，也就差不多将人们能想到的坏事都安到教士头上了，也许那时候的人们深受宗教的苦，有切肤之痛，于是说起话来，格外咬牙切齿。

后来，宗教的势力越来越弱，以至于到如今就像一个慈善组织似的，于是人们开始说起它的好话来了，譬如本片。

但上世纪六几年的时候，著名导演、忠诚的马克思主义者帕索里尼还拍过一个连古板挑剔的梵蒂冈都首肯的《马太福音》，它是说耶稣的故事，这里的耶稣是个大慈大悲的五好青年，他的救世思想和献身精神令并无宗教信仰的我也大受感动，本片同是这个路数。

但本片还做了一些创新：它将教士的传教地区，从西方搬到了阿拉伯世界，也加添了教士的自食其力情节，当然本片的主体依然是神性和人性的苦苦挣扎，但最终神性战胜人性。

这是一个主旋律版本的宗教故事。

由于传教地点从西方搬到了阿拉伯世界，于是连带的就反应了中东地区紧张复杂的局势。

这在影片中并不是正面表现的内容，而是被顺带的侧面传达出来的。

它要么是简约的插入一笔，要么是在教士的活动中，要么是教士的谈话间，旁敲侧击的予以表现。

于是，我们就见到了这样的火热现实：西方想要继续殖民、本地政府和本地武装势力拼命死掐、当地老百姓物质生活水平低下以及美丽的当地自然风光。

这就为这一题材开辟了少见的社会现实疆域。

这种种势力扭结在一起，组成了一幅中东的政治势力图，而处于风口浪尖的正是这群目光温和的教士。

法国政府希望他们平安回国，当地的叛乱分子想要捉他们以为人质，本地政府也嫌他们碍事，希望他们早日离开。

但他们战胜了内心的软弱，响应上帝的召唤，而决定留下。

这是一群温柔善良，充满伟大的救世思想和献身精神的教士。

他们自食其力，自己耕种粮食，还把自制的蜂蜜卖到市场上去。

他们免费行医，还捐助当地的穷苦平民衣物。

他们就像当代的红十字会。

在后四分之三篇幅，本故事就将线索由外拉向内，表现了这群教士在死亡来临前内心的呼喊和细语。

教士一共八位，态度不一，有主张留下，有主张离开，还有模棱两可的。

本片大部分篇幅也就用在这里，它主要刻画了留下者更加坚定留下、模棱两可者坚定信仰、离开者决定留下这样一个细腻的心理转变过程。

死，亦大矣。

慷慨赴义固然不容易，从容赴死就更难。

在死亡面前，人的求生本能总会顽强的表现出来，是为人性。

而要克服死前的恐惧，教士们的武器就是上帝，当上帝逐渐占据教士们的心灵时，这群温柔的教士们也变得战士般勇敢坚强了，是为神性。

教士们的生活总是宁静的，他们的日常生活是些如平静如湖面般的内容：早起唱圣咏、学习圣经、田间劳作、上集市交易、行诊、听人忏悔等等。

整部影片也是静静的，细腻素朴，没有煽情的画外音乐，没有象征隐喻的蒙太奇，而只是一段段朴实无华的日常生活的组接。

但是经过编导精心提炼的生活画面却又具有一种浓酽的美感，因为它记录的是一群善良正直人们充满爱的生活，它是日常生活之诗。

及至到了片尾，教士们一致决定留下，和当地人同在，和上帝同在，这群温柔善良的教士们才浪漫了一把，他们拿出酒，放上柴可夫斯基的《天鹅湖》，曲调悲怆、伤感、忧郁，是教士们神性灵魂的呼喊和细语，是上帝对苦难大地的照临和叹息。